النص العربي
لا يَحِلُّ دَمُ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ إِلَّا بِإِحْدَى ثَلاثٍ: الثَّيِّبُ الزَّانِي، وَالنَّفْسُ بِالنَّفْسِ، وَالتَّارِكُ لِدِينِهِ المُفَارِقُ لِلْجَمَاعَةِ
الترجمة الإنجليزية
The blood of a Muslim is not lawful except by one of three: the married adulterer, life for life, and the one who abandons his religion and the community.
— Ibn Mas‘ūd (RA) (Bukhari & Muslim)
الشرح
Reserved for the Islamic state under qualified judges. Vigilante action is not legitimised by this hadith.
شرح موسّع
This hadith establishes the three categories under which a Muslim's blood may be shed under Sharī‘ah courts:
1. Ath-thayyib az-zānī — the previously-married adulterer (rajm). 2. An-nafs bin-nafs — life for life (qiṣāṣ for intentional murder). 3. At-tāriku li-dīnih al-mufāriq lil-jamā‘ah — the apostate who leaves the religion and the community.
Crucially, all three are the prerogative of the Islamic state under qualified judges with proper evidence — never of individuals. Ibn Rajab and Ibn ‘Uthaymīn both stress: vigilantism is forbidden and contradicts the very Sharī‘ah this hadith protects.
The sanctity of Muslim life is so weighty that the Prophet ﷺ said in his farewell sermon: ‘Your blood, your wealth, and your honour are sacred to one another — like the sacredness of this day, in this month, in this land.’
من كلام أهل العلم
"These are the three exceptions to the inviolability of Muslim blood — and even these are restricted to the qualified judge in the Islamic court, with sufficient evidence. They are not a license for any individual."
"Whoever takes upon himself the punishment of Allah without authority has overstepped — he has not preserved the Sharī‘ah; he has violated it."
الفقه والأحكام
- •All three ḥudūd require the highest standard of evidence (four eyewitnesses for zinā; two for murder).
- •Doubt removes the ḥadd — ‘Repel the ḥudūd by doubts.’
- •An apostate is given an opportunity to repent (istitābah) before any sentence is considered.
- •Vigilante action against any of these three categories is itself a major sin; the qiṣāṣ system exists to prevent blood feuds.
الصلة بآيات القرآن
مفردات عربية مفتاحية
blood
the previously-married person
the adulterer/fornicator
life for life
the one who abandons
تأمل اليوم
Reflect on the sanctity of Muslim life — even speech that demeans it is sinful.
أبرز الفوائد
- 1Hudūd are the prerogative of the state.
- 2Sanctity of life is foundational.
أخطاء شائعة وتنبيهات
- ⚠This hadith does NOT authorise individuals or groups to take life — it describes court-administered ḥudūd.
- ⚠Misusing this hadith for vigilante violence is the methodology of the Khawārij, against which the Prophet ﷺ warned severely.
- ⚠An apostate is given multiple opportunities to repent — the punishment is not immediate.
أحاديث ذات صلة
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