Ibn Taymiyyah held that it is obligatory upon a woman to cover her face in front of non-mahram men, citing the verse of the jalabib (al-Ahzab 33:59) and the practice of the wives of the Prophet ﷺ and the women of the Sahaba who covered their faces while in ihram and in the presence of strangers. He stated that the face and hands are part of the ʿawrah that must be covered before non-mahrams.