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Reference SA-0049
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Majmūʿ Fatāwā Ibn Bāz, vol. 15
Allah has eased the obligation of fasting for several categories of people. Those who are temporarily unable — the traveller and the one suffering a curable illness — must make up the missed days later. Those permanently unable — the very elderly and the chronically ill with no hope of recovery — feed one poor person for each day missed (a mudd of staple food). The pregnant or breastfeeding woman who fears for herself or her child may break the fast and make up the days; if she fears only for the child, the majority hold she also feeds a poor person per day. Menstruating women and women in postnatal bleeding are forbidden from fasting and must make up the missed days afterwards. Children before puberty are not obligated, though they should be encouraged to fast as training.
Evidence
Qur'an
Allah said: "...and whoever is ill or on a journey, the same number of other days. Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship." ([Qur'an 2:185](/quran/2/185))
Key Takeaway
The traveller, the sick, the elderly, the pregnant, the breastfeeding, the menstruating woman, and the child are exempt from fasting under the conditions detailed by the scholars.
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